1 00:00:01,002 --> 00:00:04,370 Narrator: Through the universe,  there are galaxies 2 00:00:04,372 --> 00:00:06,705  completely different from ours. 3 00:00:06,707 --> 00:00:10,342  with two stars  instead of one, 4 00:00:10,344 --> 00:00:15,481  Our sun is not like that  typical anyway 5 00:00:15,483 --> 00:00:19,585  even the most fantastic ones  imagination of science fiction writers 6 00:00:19,587 --> 00:00:23,522  it's not even close  for what nature can produce, 7 00:00:23,524 --> 00:00:26,725  narrator:  these are double stars, 8 00:00:26,727 --> 00:00:29,228  and create them  some of the deadliest 9 00:00:29,230 --> 00:00:32,197  places in the universe, 10 00:00:32,199 --> 00:00:35,434  any nearby planet  will be cooked, 11 00:00:37,838 --> 00:00:40,773  Narrator: But some binaries can  has an unexpected trick 12 00:00:40,775 --> 00:00:42,274  in the manga, 13 00:00:42,276 --> 00:00:47,079  one that transforms  our search for aliens, 14 00:00:47,081 --> 00:00:49,648  when it comes to prevention  of life on a planet, 15 00:00:49,650 --> 00:00:52,151  can be very good  that with two stars 16 00:00:52,153 --> 00:00:55,187  could be much better  than to have one, 17 00:00:55,189 --> 00:00:59,491  Narrator: Imagine living in it  the light of two suns, 18 00:00:59,493 --> 00:01:01,126  we lose 19 00:01:01,128 --> 00:01:04,930  two stars  be better than one? 20 00:01:04,932 --> 00:01:07,933  - captions by vitac - 00:02:30,949  "episode iv"  when I was 7 years old, 44 00:02:30,951 --> 00:02:33,285  and I remember this scene  by luke skywalker 45 00:02:33,287 --> 00:02:35,587  mark  the deserts of tatooin, 46 00:02:35,589 --> 00:02:37,523  and there is a double sunset, 47 00:02:37,525 --> 00:02:40,626  music swells and I  Do you remember my 7 year old heart? 48 00:02:40,628 --> 00:02:42,561  half jump out of my chest, 49 00:02:42,563 --> 00:02:44,429  this is the moment  when I realized I wanted it 50 00:02:44,431 --> 00:02:47,199  to be an astronomer, 51 00:02:47,201 --> 00:02:51,770  Narrator: two stars  be better than one? 52 00:02:51,772 --> 00:02:54,006  life on an orbiting planet  a binary system 53 00:02:54,008 --> 00:02:55,541  can be very exciting, 54 00:02:55,543 --> 00:02:58,410  imagine seeing two stars  in heaven every day, 55 00:02:58,412 --> 00:02:59,645  That's pretty cool, 56 00:02:59,647 --> 00:03:00,812  but you know what? 57 00:03:00,814 --> 00:03:03,715  sometimes he can get it  very exciting, 58 00:03:06,820 --> 00:03:08,921  Narrator: Some binary systems 59 00:03:08,923 --> 00:03:11,790  are not  places for science fiction adventures, 60 00:03:11,792 --> 00:03:15,093  are horror stories, 61 00:03:15,095 --> 00:03:17,396  woman: in some cases  the interactions between 62 00:03:17,398 --> 00:03:18,630  Binary stars become deadly, 63 00:03:18,632 --> 00:03:20,899  the stars really can  connect with each other, 64 00:03:20,901 --> 00:03:23,001 Binary stars are kind of  like brothers, 65 00:03:23,003 --> 00:03:25,437  they were born together  and they grow together, 66 00:03:25,439 --> 00:03:29,474  but sometimes one of the  these brothers can be bad, 67 00:03:32,246 --> 00:03:36,682  narrator:  This brother of evil is a pulsar, 68 00:03:36,684 --> 00:03:41,186  billions of lives begin  from years ago 69 00:03:41,188 --> 00:03:45,490  like the big brother in a binary, 70 00:03:45,492 --> 00:03:50,562  but something becomes  is a monster, 71 00:03:50,564 --> 00:03:52,764  man: when a great star dies,  end your life 72 00:03:52,766 --> 00:03:56,001  like a supernova  with a big crazy explosion, 73 00:03:56,003 --> 00:03:59,571  and a pulse  is what is left behind, 74 00:03:59,573 --> 00:04:01,607  Narrator: Big Brother's brother  death triggers 75 00:04:01,609 --> 00:04:04,643  one of the largest  explosions in the universe, 76 00:04:04,645 --> 00:04:10,382                       ♪♪ 77 00:04:10,384 --> 00:04:16,021  in the middle of the explosion,  the star's core collapses, 78 00:04:16,023 --> 00:04:21,026  crush material  in a hyperdense ball, 79 00:04:21,028 --> 00:04:23,862  fast and intense rotation  Magnetic fields 80 00:04:23,864 --> 00:04:27,866  skip the double bundles  of deadly radiation, 81 00:04:27,868 --> 00:04:30,168  and the pulsar comes to life, 82 00:04:32,172 --> 00:04:35,407  the pulsar must be one of the  The Most Amazing Monsters 83 00:04:35,409 --> 00:04:37,943  that the universe  already thought, 84 00:04:37,945 --> 00:04:40,212  they're pretty much  10 miles left, 85 00:04:40,214 --> 00:04:43,048 and yet they contain  the mass of at least the sun 86 00:04:43,050 --> 00:04:45,183  or even twice twice the sun, 87 00:04:45,185 --> 00:04:47,452                       ♪♪ 88 00:04:47,454 --> 00:04:49,054  Narrator: the pulsar's brother 89 00:04:49,056 --> 00:04:51,023  is lucky  live the chaos 90 00:04:51,025 --> 00:04:54,326  of the next supernova, 91 00:04:54,328 --> 00:04:57,362  but now it's running  a brother from hell 92 00:04:57,364 --> 00:05:01,633  in the land of a man without cosmos, 93 00:05:01,635 --> 00:05:03,802  would be in orbit around a pulse  quite a difficult experience 94 00:05:03,804 --> 00:05:05,971  for each object  in your neighborhood, 95 00:05:05,973 --> 00:05:08,140  the pulsars spit  enormous quantities 96 00:05:08,142 --> 00:05:10,442  of deadly radiation  from its poles, 97 00:05:12,780 --> 00:05:15,781  man: it wouldn't be good to live  in a planetary system 98 00:05:15,783 --> 00:05:18,383  close to a pulsar  Why are you going to be appointed? 99 00:05:18,385 --> 00:05:23,088  to a laser  of planetary death, 100 00:05:23,090 --> 00:05:27,326  Narrator: But these rays of death  can't last forever, 101 00:05:27,328 --> 00:05:29,061  within a few million years, 102 00:05:29,063 --> 00:05:31,863  whether pulsar rotates  to die, 103 00:05:33,834 --> 00:05:35,801  with his wicked dead brother, 104 00:05:35,803 --> 00:05:39,338  the other star  finally, live in peace? 105 00:05:41,975 --> 00:05:46,712  stars, as I tell students,  are very similar to humans, 106 00:05:46,714 --> 00:05:51,016  As they get older, they tend to  to expand a little, 107 00:05:51,018 --> 00:05:55,554 For a single star it can be expanded  and be as big as you want, 108 00:05:55,556 --> 00:05:58,490  but in a binary,  there is a problem, 109 00:05:58,492 --> 00:06:00,726  now, that's where the story is  is really interesting, 110 00:06:00,728 --> 00:06:02,861  look, you have your partner  Swollen star 111 00:06:02,863 --> 00:06:04,596  in a red giant, 112 00:06:04,598 --> 00:06:07,666  some of those giant red things  can now be recorded 113 00:06:07,668 --> 00:06:09,101  back when you press 114 00:06:09,103 --> 00:06:12,437  and turn it into something  called millisecond pulse, 115 00:06:15,008 --> 00:06:17,242  Narrator: the puffy red giant 116 00:06:17,244 --> 00:06:19,878  can't stand  the outer layers, 117 00:06:19,880 --> 00:06:23,915  and the pulsar begins to feed itself, 118 00:06:23,917 --> 00:06:25,851  subject, 119 00:06:25,853 --> 00:06:28,120  impulse transfer  don't press, 120 00:06:28,122 --> 00:06:32,057  rotate it faster and faster 121 00:06:32,059 --> 00:06:36,128  until you turn hundreds  once per second, 122 00:06:36,130 --> 00:06:38,296  the bundles are restarted, 123 00:06:38,298 --> 00:06:41,933  Our pulse is back.  of the dead again, 124 00:06:44,071 --> 00:06:47,105  they die and rise again  Again and again and again, 125 00:06:47,107 --> 00:06:50,142  It's like a zombie.  you just can't kill, 126 00:06:52,246 --> 00:06:55,881  Narrator: The red giant is expanding  the life of his zombie brother 127 00:06:55,883 --> 00:06:57,883  billions of years longer, 128 00:06:57,885 --> 00:07:01,720 ♪♪ 129 00:07:01,722 --> 00:07:05,157  we know hundreds  millisecond pulses 130 00:07:05,159 --> 00:07:08,460  spread through the cosmos, 131 00:07:08,462 --> 00:07:10,328  a terrible thought, 132 00:07:10,330 --> 00:07:14,366                       ♪♪ 133 00:07:14,368 --> 00:07:16,835  but it gets even scarier, 134 00:07:16,837 --> 00:07:19,204  some are alone, 135 00:07:19,206 --> 00:07:21,373  What happened?  for your brother? 136 00:07:23,510 --> 00:07:25,677  are binary stars  ultimately responsible 137 00:07:25,679 --> 00:07:28,146  for existence  of millisecond pulsars, 138 00:07:28,148 --> 00:07:30,515  they only exist because  they suck life 139 00:07:30,517 --> 00:07:32,517  from their co-stars, 140 00:07:35,289 --> 00:07:37,823  the millisecond pulsars  that we see that they are completely alone 141 00:07:37,825 --> 00:07:39,825  maybe just arrived  get rid of the body, 142 00:07:41,962 --> 00:07:47,098  narrator:  that is psr j1311-3430, 143 00:07:47,100 --> 00:07:51,403  a rare breed of milliseconds  pulsating known as a black widow, 144 00:07:51,405 --> 00:07:54,539                       ♪♪ 145 00:07:54,541 --> 00:07:59,644  like its namesake spider,  it's deadly 146 00:07:59,646 --> 00:08:02,414  one of the most massive  rapidly rotating pulsars 147 00:08:02,416 --> 00:08:05,517  in the universe, 148 00:08:05,519 --> 00:08:09,554  spit 100 times more  radiation than a normal one, 149 00:08:11,325 --> 00:08:13,992  a black pulsating cock is right  on the edge of physics, 150 00:08:13,994 --> 00:08:16,027  a larger and  it would be a black hole, 151 00:08:16,029 --> 00:08:18,897 the intense radiation  is incredible, 152 00:08:18,899 --> 00:08:21,867  it's hard to understand  that these things exist, 153 00:08:21,869 --> 00:08:24,169  but in general the rule is  the next with the universe 154 00:08:24,171 --> 00:08:25,670  who is big and old, 155 00:08:25,672 --> 00:08:29,474  if it can happen,  this happens, 156 00:08:29,476 --> 00:08:33,345  Narrator: the black widow pulsar  it's the nightmare thing, 157 00:08:33,347 --> 00:08:36,081  your radiation heats up  the companion 158 00:08:36,083 --> 00:08:39,885  on  21,000 degrees Fahrenheit, 159 00:08:39,887 --> 00:08:43,822  more than twice as warm  like the surface of our sun, 160 00:08:43,824 --> 00:08:48,660                       ♪♪ 161 00:08:48,662 --> 00:08:52,063  it is nothing less than  stellar destruction, 162 00:08:53,867 --> 00:08:57,936  The pulsars are already dramatic,  energy events, 163 00:08:57,938 --> 00:09:01,506  now you add,  "Hey, let's destroy a star," 164 00:09:01,508 --> 00:09:04,376  black widow spiders  celebrities eat their companions, 165 00:09:04,378 --> 00:09:07,512  and that's exactly it  a black cock doing pulsar, 166 00:09:07,514 --> 00:09:09,981  he actually uses the material  your companion 167 00:09:09,983 --> 00:09:11,516  to turn upwards, 168 00:09:11,518 --> 00:09:14,085  and then he destroys  completely, 169 00:09:14,087 --> 00:09:17,923  narrator:  the companion disappears, 170 00:09:17,925 --> 00:09:22,727  murdered by  is the zombie brother, 171 00:09:22,729 --> 00:09:24,796  is the best  Cosmic ingratitude, 172 00:09:24,798 --> 00:09:26,464 here you have a companion 173 00:09:26,466 --> 00:09:29,935  This brought back the pulsar  to life after he died twice, 174 00:09:29,937 --> 00:09:32,804  and now your whole body  has been stripped 175 00:09:32,806 --> 00:09:34,506  by pulsating radiation 176 00:09:34,508 --> 00:09:37,776  without a piece of cloth  to suggest that we have been there, 177 00:09:40,113 --> 00:09:41,780  these black widow pulsars 178 00:09:41,782 --> 00:09:44,416  They look like the murderers.  of the galaxy, 179 00:09:44,418 --> 00:09:46,718  not just them  destroy the star, 180 00:09:46,720 --> 00:09:50,355  they get rid of the evidence, 181 00:09:50,357 --> 00:09:52,390  narrator:  when the pulsars are involved, 182 00:09:52,392 --> 00:09:55,460  two stars  are much worse than one, 183 00:09:55,462 --> 00:09:59,030                       ♪♪ 184 00:09:59,032 --> 00:10:02,500  but different  also be true? 185 00:10:02,502 --> 00:10:08,573  two stars can create an oasis  for foreign living habitable worlds? 186 00:10:12,813 --> 00:10:21,786  ♪♪  but different  also be true? 187 00:10:21,788 --> 00:10:25,423  Narrator: Bidding for binary stars  an exciting opportunity,,, 188 00:10:28,362 --> 00:10:32,664  alien exoplanets  two stars instead of one, 189 00:10:35,202 --> 00:10:38,370  these double stars  are everywhere, 190 00:10:38,372 --> 00:10:41,373  then the universe could  in fact it's something like 191 00:10:41,375 --> 00:10:45,143  what we see in science fiction films, 192 00:10:45,145 --> 00:10:48,046 the sky tatooine  could be a real thing, 193 00:10:48,048 --> 00:10:51,182  there could be a planet  with life and civilization, 194 00:10:51,184 --> 00:10:55,420  and in heaven,  there can be two suns, 195 00:10:55,422 --> 00:11:00,158  Narrator: What would it be like  live in these worlds? 196 00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:03,528  two stars  Is it even better for life? 197 00:11:05,499 --> 00:11:08,867  our orbits of the home planet  lonely sun 198 00:11:08,869 --> 00:11:13,538  in a secure region  where life could evolve, 199 00:11:13,540 --> 00:11:15,907  today we are known  with very stable 200 00:11:15,909 --> 00:11:18,309  well behaved star -  our own sun, 201 00:11:18,311 --> 00:11:20,145  and of course we know that  There is some sunny climate, 202 00:11:20,147 --> 00:11:22,213  sometimes he throws away  high energy particles 203 00:11:22,215 --> 00:11:24,249  that create the north  and southern lights, 204 00:11:24,251 --> 00:11:26,584  but is a very reliable star, 205 00:11:26,586 --> 00:11:28,653  it hasn't always been this way, 206 00:11:28,655 --> 00:11:31,122  when the sun was much younger,  was more active, 207 00:11:31,124 --> 00:11:33,124  was more violent, 208 00:11:33,126 --> 00:11:36,995                       ♪♪ 209 00:11:36,997 --> 00:11:40,799  Narrator: Our young sun turned  more than 10 times faster 210 00:11:40,801 --> 00:11:43,001  than today 211 00:11:43,003 --> 00:11:46,237  causes its magnetic field  twist and entangle, 212 00:11:46,239 --> 00:11:49,307  sending enormous solar spasms, 213 00:11:52,012 --> 00:11:53,511  man: the solar flares can be intact  bad for 214 00:11:53,513 --> 00:11:54,746 the habitability of a planet, 215 00:11:54,748 --> 00:11:56,815  especially if you are  very close to the star, 216 00:11:56,817 --> 00:11:58,450  and the reason  because the solar flares 217 00:11:58,452 --> 00:12:00,6118  essentially represent  high energy radiation, 218 00:12:00,620 --> 00:12:02,520  for example  high energy protons, 219 00:12:02,522 --> 00:12:04,723  they crumble in the atmosphere  and they can withdraw 220 00:12:04,725 --> 00:12:08,293  Gas from the atmosphere, 221 00:12:08,295 --> 00:12:12,330  Narrator: Imagine the beginning  solar system 222 00:12:12,332 --> 00:12:14,299  flares and solar storms 223 00:12:14,301 --> 00:12:18,636  attack the spheres  of rocky planets, 224 00:12:18,638 --> 00:12:23,708  particles loaded with mortality can rupture  They are molecules by molecule, 225 00:12:26,179 --> 00:12:30,381  without an atmosphere,  liquid water cannot survive, 226 00:12:30,383 --> 00:12:33,952  and not liquid water  means no life, 227 00:12:36,289 --> 00:12:40,258  in the early stages, our  The solar system was a terrible place, 228 00:12:40,260 --> 00:12:43,128  the sun was young  and very irregular 229 00:12:43,130 --> 00:12:47,432  and emits a lot of energy  in our region, 230 00:12:47,434 --> 00:12:50,468  It took a long time,  probably about 500 million years 231 00:12:50,470 --> 00:12:52,070  for the solar system 232 00:12:52,072 --> 00:12:54,839  calmed down enough to introduce himself 233 00:12:54,841 --> 00:13:00,011  something like life  could evolve here on Earth, 234 00:13:00,013 --> 00:13:02,180 narrator:  This is a galaxy-wide problem 235 00:13:02,182 --> 00:13:04,649  for orbiting planets  a star, 236 00:13:06,686 --> 00:13:10,989  take next centile,  the star closest to our sun, 237 00:13:10,991 --> 00:13:12,690  is a red dwarf, 238 00:13:12,692 --> 00:13:15,927  the most common type of star  in the Milky Way, 239 00:13:18,331 --> 00:13:24,469  and even has its own planet  named next b, 240 00:13:24,471 --> 00:13:28,840  but not the next centauri  treated your planet gently, 241 00:13:31,311 --> 00:13:34,345  next b  has liquid water, 242 00:13:34,347 --> 00:13:36,981  would have  be very lucky, 243 00:13:39,886 --> 00:13:41,820  female: proxima centauri  would have caused 244 00:13:41,822 --> 00:13:43,555  enormous amounts of energy  leave 245 00:13:43,557 --> 00:13:45,256  and it would  effective comics 246 00:13:45,258 --> 00:13:49,227  b of any kind  atmosphere or surface water 247 00:13:49,229 --> 00:13:53,164  thus removing any chance  of a habitable world, 248 00:13:53,166 --> 00:13:55,200  the only hope we have left  for the next b 249 00:13:55,202 --> 00:13:57,602  is a strong magnetic field, 250 00:13:57,604 --> 00:14:00,271  that would  and protect the planet 251 00:14:00,273 --> 00:14:03,074  of the participation  of violent energy 252 00:14:03,076 --> 00:14:04,776  that goes away  of proximal centauri, 253 00:14:04,778 --> 00:14:06,711  and so could  still an ocean, 254 00:14:06,713 --> 00:14:08,780  could be  an atmosphere rich in oxygen, 255 00:14:08,782 --> 00:14:10,682  and perhaps habitable  the environment, 256 00:14:10,684 --> 00:14:12,884 somewhere where there is life  could have started, 257 00:14:12,886 --> 00:14:16,020  but now for the next b,  The odds are stacked against this, 258 00:14:16,022 --> 00:14:21,459                       ♪♪ 259 00:14:21,461 --> 00:14:23,294  narrator:  Earth's strong magnetic field 260 00:14:23,296 --> 00:14:26,531  protect us from the sun  worse explosions, 261 00:14:26,533 --> 00:14:28,900  allow liquid water  survive, 262 00:14:31,638 --> 00:14:34,038  but other planets,  like Mars and Mercury, 263 00:14:34,040 --> 00:14:36,641  I didn't have much luck, 264 00:14:36,643 --> 00:14:40,178  solar storms explode  are new spheres ,,, 265 00:14:42,449 --> 00:14:45,617  until they are thin and weak, 266 00:14:45,619 --> 00:14:48,453  delete one  opportunities for life, 267 00:14:48,455 --> 00:14:53,491                       ♪♪ 268 00:14:53,493 --> 00:14:57,862  but can be binary systems  really makes it easier, 269 00:14:57,864 --> 00:15:04,035  around which the planets revolve  two stars instead of one? 270 00:15:04,037 --> 00:15:07,472  man: young stars can be  very violent and chaotic, 271 00:15:07,474 --> 00:15:09,707  but in the system  where there are two stars, 272 00:15:09,709 --> 00:15:13,444  the interaction of these stars  can slow their speed 273 00:15:13,446 --> 00:15:16,714  and that means this  Violence can be slowed down, 274 00:15:16,716 --> 00:15:19,083  man: these solar storms  can be tempered 275 00:15:19,085 --> 00:15:21,753  so they are not so violent, they don't happen that often, 276 00:15:21,755 --> 00:15:25,957  and as a young planet  is formed with an atmosphere, 277 00:15:25,959 --> 00:15:27,959  can hold it, 278 00:15:27,961 --> 00:15:31,296  man: then, when it comes to  the occurrence of life on a planet, 279 00:15:31,298 --> 00:15:33,798  can be very good  that with two stars 280 00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:37,335  could be much better  than to have one, 281 00:15:37,337 --> 00:15:39,938  narrator:  gravitational interactions 282 00:15:39,940 --> 00:15:43,374  can delay  of two narrow stars that resemble the sun, 283 00:15:43,376 --> 00:15:48,146  giving life to chance  to develop, 284 00:15:48,148 --> 00:15:50,815  but not only in one world - 285 00:15:50,817 --> 00:15:55,753  on many planets  throughout the system, 286 00:15:55,755 --> 00:15:57,722  with two stars in the middle  of a solar system, 287 00:15:57,724 --> 00:15:59,190  you have two times  the amount of heat, 288 00:15:59,192 --> 00:16:00,591  twice as much light, 289 00:16:00,593 --> 00:16:02,193  and this is expanding  the habitable zone 290 00:16:02,195 --> 00:16:04,295  further  in the solar system, 291 00:16:07,434 --> 00:16:10,268  storyteller: for planetarium  scientist jani radebaugh, 292 00:16:10,270 --> 00:16:14,405  explore systems like these  would be a dream come true, 293 00:16:14,407 --> 00:16:17,875                       ♪♪ 294 00:16:17,877 --> 00:16:21,145  for me it's so exciting  worlds like this can exist 295 00:16:21,147 --> 00:16:23,481  and they can  even port life, 296 00:16:23,483 --> 00:16:26,184 I mean, there could be a science fiction  desert planet like this 297 00:16:26,186 --> 00:16:28,186  with double bottoms 298 00:16:28,188 --> 00:16:30,421  my personal favorite is a 299 00:16:30,423 --> 00:16:32,490  that I can't wait to visit,  or if we wanted, 300 00:16:32,492 --> 00:16:35,360  we can just beat it  to another habitable planet 301 00:16:35,362 --> 00:16:37,495  and found something  completely different, 302 00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:42,433  Narrator: Galactic backpackers  could explore 303 00:16:42,435 --> 00:16:45,169  a variety of science fiction landscapes, 304 00:16:45,171 --> 00:16:49,007                       ♪♪ 305 00:16:49,009 --> 00:16:53,144  perhaps alien civilizations  are already there, 306 00:16:53,146 --> 00:16:56,381  live in this  habitable worlds, 307 00:16:56,383 --> 00:17:00,118                       ♪♪ 308 00:17:00,120 --> 00:17:04,589  can create two suns  better galaxies than one, 309 00:17:04,591 --> 00:17:07,625  but they can too  make things chaotic, 310 00:17:07,627 --> 00:17:12,530  firing entire worlds  in space at high speed, 311 00:17:17,237 --> 00:17:26,144  ♪♪  but they can too  make things chaotic, 312 00:17:26,146 --> 00:17:28,913  narrator:  What would life be like? 313 00:17:28,915 --> 00:17:31,315  on a planet in a binary system? 314 00:17:31,317 --> 00:17:34,419  can be better? 315 00:17:34,421 --> 00:17:40,091  or planet earth really  The best it can be? 316 00:17:40,093 --> 00:17:42,427  man: if you are looking for one home of life in the galaxy, 317 00:17:42,429 --> 00:17:45,196  we tend to, you know, look for a  quite a cozy existence there, 318 00:17:45,198 --> 00:17:47,331  but, you know, it's possible  these stars can take you away 319 00:17:47,333 --> 00:17:49,067  on a wild ride  sometimes, 320 00:17:49,069 --> 00:17:52,236                       ♪♪ 321 00:17:52,238 --> 00:17:53,638  narrator:  in the last decade, 322 00:17:53,640 --> 00:17:56,074  we observe  mysterious objects 323 00:17:56,076 --> 00:17:58,709  cross the galaxy, 324 00:17:58,711 --> 00:18:02,413  scientists call them  hypervelocity stars, 325 00:18:02,415 --> 00:18:05,249                       ♪♪ 326 00:18:05,251 --> 00:18:07,552  when we say hyperspeed stars, 327 00:18:07,554 --> 00:18:10,288  we're talking about it  hyper speeds, 328 00:18:10,290 --> 00:18:14,258  they were observed moving upwards  up to 620 miles per second, 329 00:18:14,260 --> 00:18:17,295  Are you talking about something?  the size of a star, the sun 330 00:18:17,297 --> 00:18:20,498  a hidden ton of mass or  something like that 331 00:18:20,500 --> 00:18:24,769  be thrown away  faster than a rifle bullet, 332 00:18:26,706 --> 00:18:28,973  narrator:  these hyperspeed stars 333 00:18:28,975 --> 00:18:31,476  Start in a binary system, 334 00:18:31,478 --> 00:18:34,011  just something  rip them apart - 335 00:18:34,013 --> 00:18:36,047  something big, 336 00:18:38,151 --> 00:18:40,351  to create  a star with hyperspeed, 337 00:18:40,353 --> 00:18:43,821 You need a very intense source.  of gravity, 338 00:18:43,823 --> 00:18:45,723  well, the most intense  source we know 339 00:18:45,725 --> 00:18:47,992  it is the black hole  in the center of the galaxy, 340 00:18:47,994 --> 00:18:55,199                       ♪♪ 341 00:18:55,201 --> 00:18:58,669  Narrator: This black hole  Sagittarius is a star, 342 00:18:58,671 --> 00:19:03,174                       ♪♪ 343 00:19:03,176 --> 00:19:05,343  is super heavy - 344 00:19:05,345 --> 00:19:10,214  four million times  the mass of our sun, 345 00:19:10,216 --> 00:19:13,251  two stars deviate  a little too close, 346 00:19:13,253 --> 00:19:16,787  and the enormous gravity  the black hole is pulling towards them, 347 00:19:18,758 --> 00:19:22,760  but the nearest star feels  a much stronger attraction, 348 00:19:22,762 --> 00:19:26,063  and this binary system  is torn, 349 00:19:29,269 --> 00:19:31,702  it's a bit like  the launch of the Olympic hammer, 350 00:19:31,704 --> 00:19:35,106  where the hammer is  a star in the binary system 351 00:19:35,108 --> 00:19:38,176  it's olympian  is the other star, 352 00:19:38,178 --> 00:19:39,443  with the cord  connect the hammer 353 00:19:39,445 --> 00:19:40,711  be gravity 354 00:19:40,713 --> 00:19:42,480  between the double stars, 355 00:19:42,482 --> 00:19:45,216  if you cut this cable,  the other star can fly 356 00:19:45,218 --> 00:19:47,752  at a very, very high speed, 357 00:19:49,756 --> 00:19:51,422  narrator:  once the cable is cut, 358 00:19:51,424 --> 00:19:53,791  the double stars  divorce forever, 359 00:19:56,129 --> 00:19:58,462  one is trapped in the grip of gravity 360 00:19:58,464 --> 00:20:01,866  of the black hole, 361 00:20:01,868 --> 00:20:04,802  the other has been released  from the galaxy 362 00:20:04,804 --> 00:20:09,407  always  a literal shooting star, 363 00:20:09,409 --> 00:20:14,478  but the star may not be alone, 364 00:20:14,480 --> 00:20:17,915  if a planet has gravity  connected to a star 365 00:20:17,917 --> 00:20:21,352  and that star is cast out  of the system, 366 00:20:21,354 --> 00:20:23,187  if the conditions are correct, 367 00:20:23,189 --> 00:20:26,324  This planet can take a turn  with this star, 368 00:20:26,326 --> 00:20:28,993  where the star goes,  The planet goes, 369 00:20:28,995 --> 00:20:33,731                       ♪♪ 370 00:20:33,733 --> 00:20:36,267  when you are on the planet  around a hyperpowered star, 371 00:20:36,269 --> 00:20:39,170  You would be jealous of poets  and scientists everywhere 372 00:20:39,172 --> 00:20:42,974  because you would have the maximum  Incredible image imaginable, 373 00:20:42,976 --> 00:20:45,109  You would start with the same thing  center of the galaxy 374 00:20:45,111 --> 00:20:48,546  You have this beautiful view  of the supermassive black hole, 375 00:20:48,548 --> 00:20:52,116                       ♪♪ 376 00:20:52,118 --> 00:20:54,652  narrator:  generation after generation 377 00:20:54,654 --> 00:20:56,487  on this planet hypervelocity 378 00:20:56,489 --> 00:21:00,224  would be treated with emotion  new vistas of the galaxy, 379 00:21:00,226 --> 00:21:04,362                       ♪♪ 380 00:21:04,364 --> 00:21:06,264  the moment you are ready  while you are being cast out, 381 00:21:06,266 --> 00:21:09,734  you would see it the entire Milky Way Galaxy, 382 00:21:09,736 --> 00:21:13,771  everything, and that would  away from you 383 00:21:13,773 --> 00:21:17,742  How did you get into space?  for who knows where, 384 00:21:17,744 --> 00:21:22,046                       ♪♪ 385 00:21:22,048 --> 00:21:25,316  Narrator: hypervelocity planets  just go show off 386 00:21:25,318 --> 00:21:29,620  that the universe is a path  stranger than fiction, 387 00:21:29,622 --> 00:21:32,757  man: when we find out more about it  stars and galaxies, 388 00:21:32,759 --> 00:21:36,961  even the most fantastic ones  imagination of science fiction writers 389 00:21:36,963 --> 00:21:39,997  it's not even close  for what nature can produce, 390 00:21:39,999 --> 00:21:43,401                       ♪♪ 391 00:21:43,403 --> 00:21:46,404  Narrator: This hyper speed  star and planet 392 00:21:46,406 --> 00:21:48,806  Continue on the journey of all life, 393 00:21:48,808 --> 00:21:51,542  and on the stranded  co-star 394 00:21:51,544 --> 00:21:53,878  stuck in the middle  of the galaxy 395 00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:58,149  next to a supermassive  black hole 396 00:21:58,151 --> 00:22:02,186  this could also have  an orbiting planet, 397 00:22:02,188 --> 00:22:05,089  but it is a world  living on borrowed time, 398 00:22:07,493 --> 00:22:10,828  when there is a planet in orbit  left the star behind 399 00:22:10,830 --> 00:22:12,630  through the star of hypervity, 400 00:22:12,632 --> 00:22:14,031  then the planet is now in orbit 401 00:22:14,033 --> 00:22:16,334 the star that is in orbit  the black hole, 402 00:22:16,336 --> 00:22:19,470  this is not likely  it lasts a long time, 403 00:22:19,472 --> 00:22:23,140  usually the small face -  Pew! has been shot, 404 00:22:23,142 --> 00:22:26,644                       ♪♪ 405 00:22:26,646 --> 00:22:29,413  then it is perfectly possible  we have hypervelocity 406 00:22:29,415 --> 00:22:31,182  planets unfair, 407 00:22:31,184 --> 00:22:33,317  planets without a star 408 00:22:33,319 --> 00:22:34,685  they shoot  from the galaxy 409 00:22:34,687 --> 00:22:38,322  even at high speed, 410 00:22:38,324 --> 00:22:40,925  Narrator: But it's not a journey  would you like to take? 411 00:22:40,927 --> 00:22:45,463                       ♪♪ 412 00:22:45,465 --> 00:22:48,032  because this world is  meant for wandering 413 00:22:48,034 --> 00:22:51,502  the emptiness of space  forever and alone, 414 00:22:53,473 --> 00:22:54,605  husband:  the problem with the planet 415 00:22:54,607 --> 00:22:56,974  and it is no more  connected to a star, 416 00:22:56,976 --> 00:23:00,244  then the outer surface  would probably freeze, 417 00:23:02,348 --> 00:23:03,614  Narrator: Binary stars 418 00:23:03,616 --> 00:23:07,818  can create strange environments  for planets, 419 00:23:07,820 --> 00:23:12,456  you could get an exciting experience  vision of the galaxy 420 00:23:12,458 --> 00:23:15,459  or freeze on icy ground, 421 00:23:15,461 --> 00:23:23,801                       ♪♪ 422 00:23:23,803 --> 00:23:28,072  but astronomers discover  new strange systems 423 00:23:28,074 --> 00:23:31,409  where there are no stars  be crushed, 424 00:23:31,411 --> 00:23:35,679 they are led together, 425 00:23:35,681 --> 00:23:41,018  create a cosmic event  arrives quickly in our galaxy, 426 00:23:44,290 --> 00:23:52,329  they are led together, 427 00:23:52,331 --> 00:23:55,065  narrator:  two stars are better than one? 428 00:23:55,067 --> 00:23:57,435                       ♪♪ 429 00:23:57,437 --> 00:24:01,906  binary systems are certain  very dramatic, 430 00:24:01,908 --> 00:24:05,476  there is even one that does  two stars so close, 431 00:24:05,478 --> 00:24:09,046  they play, 432 00:24:09,048 --> 00:24:14,251  kic 9832227 is a  interesting binary system, 433 00:24:14,253 --> 00:24:16,587  that's what we call  a contact binary, 434 00:24:16,589 --> 00:24:20,458  so this means the two stars  are basically in contact, 435 00:24:20,460 --> 00:24:21,959  but they are separate stars, 436 00:24:21,961 --> 00:24:25,896  they share a common  atmosphere or envelope, 437 00:24:25,898 --> 00:24:27,731  is one third of the mass  the sun, 438 00:24:27,733 --> 00:24:30,334  about 1.4 times  the mass of the sun, 439 00:24:30,336 --> 00:24:34,705  and they spin around  sometimes every 11 hours, 440 00:24:34,707 --> 00:24:38,409  narrator: 2017 -  Calvin College Scholars 441 00:24:38,411 --> 00:24:42,213  reveal an exciting discovery, 442 00:24:42,215 --> 00:24:47,785  these are double stars  come closer, 443 00:24:47,787 --> 00:24:51,188  they do math  and make a bold prediction, 444 00:24:53,759 --> 00:24:57,228 then this star is different from  all other binary contact stars 445 00:24:57,230 --> 00:24:59,930  we study  because this, we believe, 446 00:24:59,932 --> 00:25:03,033  in the next five years  will merge, 447 00:25:03,035 --> 00:25:05,970  Spiral together and explode, 448 00:25:08,808 --> 00:25:11,408  but it is a star  close enough for us - 449 00:25:11,410 --> 00:25:13,811  only 1800 light years away - 450 00:25:13,813 --> 00:25:15,946  that when it explodes,  would be bright enough 451 00:25:15,948 --> 00:25:18,215  to see with the naked eye, 452 00:25:18,217 --> 00:25:21,151  narrator:  two stars coincide - 453 00:25:21,153 --> 00:25:25,289  an event known as New Red, 454 00:25:25,291 --> 00:25:27,024  man: if this is true,  when you really see it, 455 00:25:27,026 --> 00:25:28,526  it would be great 456 00:25:28,528 --> 00:25:30,394  because not alone  this would be worth it 457 00:25:30,396 --> 00:25:31,996  this incredible prediction, 458 00:25:31,998 --> 00:25:34,532  but we have something new  Look at the night sky, 459 00:25:34,534 --> 00:25:38,102  if this happens,  that would be alone 460 00:25:38,104 --> 00:25:40,337  the event of my life, 461 00:25:43,009 --> 00:25:46,510  man: we can't predict  many things in astronomy 462 00:25:46,512 --> 00:25:47,745  except you know it 463 00:25:47,747 --> 00:25:50,180  "within a billion years,  This will happen," 464 00:25:50,182 --> 00:25:54,251  so you have to appreciate it  What is this, 465 00:25:54,253 --> 00:25:57,955  These stars are likely  billion years, 466 00:25:57,957 --> 00:26:01,559  We are so lucky to be able to do that to see this at the end 467 00:26:01,561 --> 00:26:03,727 where we have only still a few years left - 468 00:26:03,729 --> 00:26:07,164 several years outside a life of billions of years, 469 00:26:07,166 --> 00:26:10,968                       ♪♪ 470 00:26:10,970 --> 00:26:14,204 Narrator: It's incredible cosmic coincidence 471 00:26:14,206 --> 00:26:17,841 I was offered to you at the number of three, 472 00:26:17,843 --> 00:26:21,111 for these stars came into close contact, 473 00:26:21,113 --> 00:26:23,347 they may have had a neighbor - 474 00:26:23,349 --> 00:26:29,186 a distant third star who started all this, 475 00:26:29,188 --> 00:26:30,621 when you have three objects, 476 00:26:30,623 --> 00:26:34,058 the gravitational dynamics it gets incredibly complicated, 477 00:26:35,728 --> 00:26:38,562 the third star draws in the binary file 478 00:26:38,564 --> 00:26:40,364 as the two revolve around each other, 479 00:26:40,366 --> 00:26:44,802 stretching them, actually, in an elongated orbit, 480 00:26:44,804 --> 00:26:46,604 the two stars oppose this, 481 00:26:46,606 --> 00:26:49,607 trying to send out circulars his job again, 482 00:26:49,609 --> 00:26:52,276 What is the interaction between? 483 00:26:52,278 --> 00:26:54,645 pushes the third star further away, 484 00:26:54,647 --> 00:26:58,315 draws the two stars closer, 485 00:26:58,317 --> 00:27:01,218 Narrator: The stars have gone pushed together, 486 00:27:01,220 --> 00:27:04,755 but your story will pass to become even stranger, 487 00:27:07,827 --> 00:27:10,427 Import ships out the minor star 488 00:27:10,429 --> 00:27:14,598 until it is highly gravitational weak to hold its position,,, 489 00:27:16,769 --> 00:27:19,837 directing their orbits even tighter together, 490 00:27:19,839 --> 00:27:22,506 move them faster and faster, 491 00:27:24,677 --> 00:27:29,513 finally, the smaller star will dive into the biggest, 492 00:27:29,515 --> 00:27:33,283 rolling up,,, 493 00:27:33,285 --> 00:27:36,854 and blow up hundreds trillion tons of waste 494 00:27:36,856 --> 00:27:39,723 in all directions, 495 00:27:39,725 --> 00:27:41,992 man: this would be a huge one amount of energy, 496 00:27:41,994 --> 00:27:44,228 explosion at its peak will be 10,000 times 497 00:27:44,230 --> 00:27:48,365 brighter than the star is today, 498 00:27:48,367 --> 00:27:53,070 Narrator: This collision will also be an act of creation, 499 00:27:53,072 --> 00:27:58,876 the cores of the two stars will collide and become one, 500 00:27:58,878 --> 00:28:02,513 creating a super hot one blue gas ball, 501 00:28:02,515 --> 00:28:06,517 a newborn star, 502 00:28:06,519 --> 00:28:08,452 just think how cool is that 503 00:28:08,454 --> 00:28:11,722 in the constellation Cygnus, in time about five years, 504 00:28:11,724 --> 00:28:16,026 a new star will connect made from two older stars - 505 00:28:16,028 --> 00:28:19,430 a whole new way of doing it see a star rise, 506 00:28:22,535 --> 00:28:23,901 narrator: around the star, 507 00:28:23,903 --> 00:28:26,837 hot gas lancinante- will expand outward, 508 00:28:26,839 --> 00:28:31,141 turn red when it cools, become the new red, 509 00:28:31,143 --> 00:28:37,047                       ♪♪ 510 00:28:37,049 --> 00:28:40,417 will create the explosion a brand new light 511 00:28:40,419 --> 00:28:44,088 as bright as the northern star in our night sky, 512 00:28:46,392 --> 00:28:49,326 man: it's just phenomenal that we have this chance, 513 00:28:49,328 --> 00:28:52,863 this is what each astronomer wants to do, 514 00:28:54,900 --> 00:28:56,600 narrator: we are at a safe distance 515 00:28:56,602 --> 00:28:58,936 of this clashing star duo, 516 00:29:00,906 --> 00:29:04,808 but we feel the same if we were on a planet 517 00:29:04,810 --> 00:29:07,511 in orbit around this binary system, 518 00:29:07,513 --> 00:29:10,481 this is very, very energetic event, 519 00:29:10,483 --> 00:29:13,917 life could survive such an event? 520 00:29:13,919 --> 00:29:16,920 I don't want to be there. such as the guinea pig test, 521 00:29:20,559 --> 00:29:22,559 all this energy it's coming 522 00:29:22,561 --> 00:29:26,096 and its atmosphere is probably torn apart, 523 00:29:26,098 --> 00:29:28,365 if there are oceans in this world, 524 00:29:28,367 --> 00:29:30,501 they probably evaporated, 525 00:29:30,503 --> 00:29:34,538 and there may be very little left rock exception, 526 00:29:34,540 --> 00:29:36,807 a new one there is nothing you want play with 527 00:29:36,809 --> 00:29:39,676 any planet that is nearby will be cooked, 528 00:29:39,678 --> 00:29:43,580 that will get sand, and then, you know, it's not, 529 00:29:43,582 --> 00:29:45,449 if that's the kind of place you want to be 530 00:29:45,451 --> 00:29:48,485 hey, more power to you, but I love country, 531 00:29:52,591 --> 00:29:55,259 Narrator: Earth has a good thing going these days 532 00:29:55,261 --> 00:29:57,561 with our only star, 533 00:29:57,563 --> 00:30:03,834 without collisions, there are explosions, no drama, 534 00:30:03,836 --> 00:30:06,403 to be two stars better than one, 535 00:30:06,405 --> 00:30:10,107 we need to find rocky planets in a binary system, 536 00:30:12,878 --> 00:30:17,548 but so far we have not, ask the question - 537 00:30:17,550 --> 00:30:20,818 can they really exist? 538 00:30:25,224 --> 00:30:34,031  ♪♪ but so far we have not, ask the question - 539 00:30:34,033 --> 00:30:36,600 narrator: the Kepler Space Telescope 540 00:30:36,602 --> 00:30:39,870 has blown up the search for aliens open worlds, 541 00:30:39,872 --> 00:30:42,906 finding thousands of exoplanets 542 00:30:42,908 --> 00:30:45,142 orbiting individual stars, 543 00:30:45,144 --> 00:30:48,912                       ♪♪ 544 00:30:48,914 --> 00:30:52,216 but find rocky planets in binary systems 545 00:30:52,218 --> 00:30:54,151 is difficult to prove, 546 00:30:54,153 --> 00:30:57,621                       ♪♪ 547 00:30:57,623 --> 00:31:00,457 we found planets orbiting binary stable systems, 548 00:31:00,459 --> 00:31:02,826 and this is a big leap forward in our understanding 549 00:31:02,828 --> 00:31:04,361 of how the universe works, 550 00:31:04,363 --> 00:31:07,664 Unfortunately, those planets have all been gaseous giants, 551 00:31:07,666 --> 00:31:11,635 and they're not really good for the formation of life, 552 00:31:11,637 --> 00:31:13,937 narrator: by alien civilizations 553 00:31:13,939 --> 00:31:15,572 of existing around two suns, 554 00:31:15,574 --> 00:31:17,674 they need solid earth, 555 00:31:17,676 --> 00:31:21,311 the hunt for the world of our sci-fi dreams 556 00:31:21,313 --> 00:31:24,548 has been fruitless so far, 557 00:31:24,550 --> 00:31:27,618 we must always consider that the rocky planets maybe 558 00:31:27,620 --> 00:31:29,219 around binary stars 559 00:31:29,221 --> 00:31:32,422 just don't exist, for whatever reason which I currently do not know, 560 00:31:32,424 --> 00:31:37,160 and that would mean there would be no tatooine, 561 00:31:37,162 --> 00:31:40,130 Narrator: May have linked stars make impossible 562 00:31:40,132 --> 00:31:42,232 to form a rocky planet, 563 00:31:45,004 --> 00:31:47,771 If you are a seductive planet shape around a binary system, 564 00:31:47,773 --> 00:31:50,374 gravity in the middle is always changing, 565 00:31:50,376 --> 00:31:52,476 instead of a single star, you have two stars 566 00:31:52,478 --> 00:31:56,079 an orbit around each other 567 00:31:56,081 --> 00:31:59,049 Narrator: The stars of these two children 568 00:31:59,051 --> 00:32:02,452 starts a gravity tug-of-war, 569 00:32:02,454 --> 00:32:06,523 the material in between pulled in different directions, 570 00:32:06,525 --> 00:32:10,827 making it harder for pieces rock and dust to hold together, 571 00:32:10,829 --> 00:32:17,200 the system seems very chaotic to form rocky planets, 572 00:32:17,202 --> 00:32:20,037 man: the complex gravitational interactions 573 00:32:20,039 --> 00:32:23,840 destabilize in the game many potential jobs, 574 00:32:23,842 --> 00:32:27,511 there aren't many of them opportunities for a young planet 575 00:32:27,513 --> 00:32:31,715 which you may want to train to find a stable home for the long term 576 00:32:31,717 --> 00:32:35,285 that lasted billions of years around this binary system, 577 00:32:35,287 --> 00:32:39,790 is relatively easy to obtain ejected or consumed 578 00:32:39,792 --> 00:32:41,992 through the stars themselves, 579 00:32:44,063 --> 00:32:46,763 Narrator: So why not rocky planets survive 580 00:32:46,765 --> 00:32:49,566 when gas giants can? 581 00:32:49,568 --> 00:32:53,503 as any good real estate agent will say what you're talking about 582 00:32:53,505 --> 00:32:57,741 location, location, location, 583 00:32:57,743 --> 00:33:01,611 we think rocky planets are to form close to the stars 584 00:33:01,613 --> 00:33:04,014 where it is pleasant and warm, but promote where it is cooler, 585 00:33:04,016 --> 00:33:06,149 Do you have the gas giant? planets form, 586 00:33:06,151 --> 00:33:08,118 So if you've done that a binary stable system, 587 00:33:08,120 --> 00:33:10,620 it's like gravity made up 588 00:33:10,622 --> 00:33:12,356 all this rocky material 589 00:33:12,358 --> 00:33:14,491 so you just left with the cold material, 590 00:33:14,493 --> 00:33:17,260 which can form more gas giants out, 591 00:33:17,262 --> 00:33:19,930 Narrator: Like a two star system was a city, 592 00:33:19,932 --> 00:33:23,367 the gas giants are out in the suburbs, 593 00:33:23,369 --> 00:33:27,437 a beautiful, quiet, far away place gravity competitive 594 00:33:27,439 --> 00:33:30,841 of the two stars, 595 00:33:30,843 --> 00:33:35,712 maybe one star systems are better than two, 596 00:33:35,714 --> 00:33:38,315 gaseous giants are not large for life, 597 00:33:38,317 --> 00:33:44,354 and these are the planets that we are find in these binary systems, 598 00:33:44,356 --> 00:33:46,523 the reason we are here could be due to the fact 599 00:33:46,525 --> 00:33:48,558 we have a star instead of two, 600 00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:51,862                       ♪♪ 601 00:33:51,864 --> 00:33:53,663 Narrator: but in 2017, 602 00:33:53,665 --> 00:33:57,501 a discovery about 2,000 light years 603 00:33:57,503 --> 00:34:00,704 gives us new hope, 604 00:34:00,706 --> 00:34:03,507 man: so, as we find out new things in the universe, 605 00:34:03,509 --> 00:34:05,909 who tend to give them catalog names, 606 00:34:05,911 --> 00:34:07,577 that can be very annoying 607 00:34:07,579 --> 00:34:10,147 it's very difficult guide, 608 00:34:10,149 --> 00:34:14,284 but SDSS 1557 Don't forget, 609 00:34:16,688 --> 00:34:19,489 Man: we saw a binary system who is a white dwarf - 610 00:34:19,491 --> 00:34:21,792 what is the core of a star like the sun 611 00:34:21,794 --> 00:34:23,326 after he got very old, 612 00:34:23,328 --> 00:34:26,797 plucked from the outer layers - which is orbited by a brown dwarf, 613 00:34:26,799 --> 00:34:28,198 an object that is kind of on the border 614 00:34:28,200 --> 00:34:30,734 between a planet and a star, 615 00:34:30,736 --> 00:34:36,206 storyteller: what could be more fun on the SDSS 1557 system 616 00:34:36,208 --> 00:34:40,610 and we found rocky rubble, 617 00:34:40,612 --> 00:34:42,212 we see the basic materials, 618 00:34:42,214 --> 00:34:45,649 the basic ingredients are there for the formation of planets, 619 00:34:45,651 --> 00:34:47,150 this is really one exciting discovery 620 00:34:47,152 --> 00:34:49,252 because we have seen the remains of asteroids 621 00:34:49,254 --> 00:34:52,722 and rocks spinning in orbit this old binary system, 622 00:34:52,724 --> 00:34:56,093 systems we think could never have survived 623 00:34:56,095 --> 00:34:58,495 A bit rocky stuff around him, 624 00:35:00,566 --> 00:35:04,601 narrator: this binary system has billions of years, 625 00:35:04,603 --> 00:35:06,570 and during all that time 626 00:35:06,572 --> 00:35:11,274 the rocky material was not exterminated, 627 00:35:11,276 --> 00:35:13,510 he survived, 628 00:35:13,512 --> 00:35:18,181 This is a huge trampoline. to find our rocky planet 629 00:35:18,183 --> 00:35:21,651 with two suns, 630 00:35:21,653 --> 00:35:23,987 the system provides evidence there is rocky material 631 00:35:23,989 --> 00:35:26,857 close around a binary stable system, 632 00:35:26,859 --> 00:35:29,826 so it is a signage sign that rocky planet formation 633 00:35:29,828 --> 00:35:33,196 can occur round binary stellar systems, 634 00:35:33,198 --> 00:35:37,534 the chances could be longer, but it is still possible, 635 00:35:37,536 --> 00:35:42,372 narrator: there might even be to be a planet in this system? 636 00:35:42,374 --> 00:35:47,177 there can still be planetary objects around SDS 1557, 637 00:35:47,179 --> 00:35:50,080 we just haven't seen them yet, but they may still be there, 638 00:35:50,082 --> 00:35:56,686                       ♪♪ 639 00:35:56,688 --> 00:36:00,157 narrator: the search continues, 640 00:36:00,159 --> 00:36:04,794 a rocky planet that rotates two stars can really exist, 641 00:36:06,832 --> 00:36:09,432 so for those of us who are waiting for those tatooine out there, 642 00:36:09,434 --> 00:36:11,601 that the planet with the double sunset, 643 00:36:11,603 --> 00:36:13,937 these wreckage give us real hope, 644 00:36:13,939 --> 00:36:16,973 maybe the conditions, at least, are suitable for training 645 00:36:16,975 --> 00:36:20,143 of rocky planets around binary stars, 646 00:36:20,145 --> 00:36:21,511 I think it's there 647 00:36:21,513 --> 00:36:24,581 I think there's more to finding it a matter of when, of what if, 648 00:36:24,583 --> 00:36:28,318 as an astronomer this is A fantastic time to be alive. 649 00:36:28,320 --> 00:36:29,953 at the peak of discovery, 650 00:36:29,955 --> 00:36:33,557 as a science fiction fan, this It's a great time to be alive. 651 00:36:33,559 --> 00:36:36,293 because the material I read as a child hatches, 652 00:36:36,295 --> 00:36:38,895                       ♪♪ 653 00:36:38,897 --> 00:36:42,599 Narrator: But maybe the greatest fantasy sci-fi 654 00:36:42,601 --> 00:36:45,835 is much closer to home, 655 00:36:45,837 --> 00:36:50,473 because the new query is suggest something impressive - 656 00:36:50,475 --> 00:36:54,411 our sun could have a twin brother, 657 00:36:58,951 --> 00:37:07,958  ♪ because the new query is suggest something impressive - 658 00:37:07,960 --> 00:37:12,162 narrator: a new study in 2017 raises questions 659 00:37:12,164 --> 00:37:14,598 our understanding of the sun, 660 00:37:14,600 --> 00:37:18,668                       ♪♪ 661 00:37:18,670 --> 00:37:21,171 for the first time now, astronomers can peer 662 00:37:21,173 --> 00:37:23,907 in the clouds which stars form, 663 00:37:23,909 --> 00:37:26,810 And the most incredible thing is that the evidence suggests 664 00:37:26,812 --> 00:37:30,847 that every star resembles the sun form as part of a binary pair, 665 00:37:32,684 --> 00:37:37,187 narrator: the study scientists the perseus of the molecular cloud, 666 00:37:37,189 --> 00:37:41,091 a stellar nursery nearby 750 light years from us, 667 00:37:41,093 --> 00:37:44,027 full of stars Like our sun, 668 00:37:46,732 --> 00:37:49,833 many of them are great binary systems, 669 00:37:49,835 --> 00:37:52,602 traveling in large orbits around you 670 00:37:52,604 --> 00:37:57,040 those centuries of calibration or more, 671 00:37:57,042 --> 00:38:00,510 and all those binaries his babies, 672 00:38:00,512 --> 00:38:04,848 less than 500,000 years old, 673 00:38:04,850 --> 00:38:08,118 the only way to explain these young systems 674 00:38:08,120 --> 00:38:13,990 is that they formed this way - Not alone, but in a few, 675 00:38:13,992 --> 00:38:18,028                       ♪♪ 676 00:38:18,030 --> 00:38:20,830 Woman: only based on statistics and our understanding 677 00:38:20,832 --> 00:38:23,433 what's happening inside these star-forming clouds, 678 00:38:23,435 --> 00:38:26,469 it is very likely that the sun formed with a twin brother, 679 00:38:26,471 --> 00:38:29,105                       ♪♪ 680 00:38:29,107 --> 00:38:32,309 narrator: maybe 4.5 billion years ago, 681 00:38:32,311 --> 00:38:35,478 our sun explodes into life with a brother, 682 00:38:37,716 --> 00:38:40,183 can these twins are still outside 683 00:38:40,185 --> 00:38:43,553 in a distant orbit that we didn't see? 684 00:38:45,824 --> 00:38:49,192 man: there was no idea that the sun may have a companion, 685 00:38:49,194 --> 00:38:51,061 which was nicknamed enemy, 686 00:38:51,063 --> 00:38:53,963 and this thing would have drove very far away, 687 00:38:53,965 --> 00:38:57,901 past the Neptunus road in the solar system, 688 00:38:57,903 --> 00:39:01,638 Narrator: Scientists wanted for this archenemy, 689 00:39:01,640 --> 00:39:05,075 but returned empty-handed, 690 00:39:05,077 --> 00:39:08,411 we looked - we had telescopic surveys of the heavens, 691 00:39:08,413 --> 00:39:11,514 including infrared examinations where this kind of objects 692 00:39:11,516 --> 00:39:13,283 would be very smart, 693 00:39:13,285 --> 00:39:17,153 and we have the. already swept heaven several times 694 00:39:17,155 --> 00:39:19,222 and we saw nothing, 695 00:39:19,224 --> 00:39:23,026                       ♪♪ 696 00:39:23,028 --> 00:39:28,264 Narrator: What happened to us brother of the sun is a mystery, 697 00:39:28,266 --> 00:39:32,202 How do we end up with a star? as opposed to binary? 698 00:39:32,204 --> 00:39:35,338 we don't really do that I understand very well, 699 00:39:35,340 --> 00:39:37,273 narrator: if they don't surround us now, 700 00:39:37,275 --> 00:39:41,711 he may have left our system for a long time, 701 00:39:41,713 --> 00:39:43,947 over time, some of the these double stars 702 00:39:43,949 --> 00:39:46,149 stay closer together and stay together, 703 00:39:46,151 --> 00:39:49,219 and others are being scammed and lose the other completely, 704 00:39:49,221 --> 00:39:52,922 it is quite possible that our sun, at some point 705 00:39:52,924 --> 00:39:56,960 had a twin brother who was cast out, 706 00:39:56,962 --> 00:39:59,095 Woman: We don't know exactly when 707 00:39:59,097 --> 00:40:00,897 our sister star was plucked, 708 00:40:00,899 --> 00:40:03,166 can be clear about the other person side of the Milky Way 709 00:40:03,168 --> 00:40:06,436 from us so far, 710 00:40:06,438 --> 00:40:10,440 Narrator: But finally what we saw in binary systems, 711 00:40:10,442 --> 00:40:13,109 that can be great better without, 712 00:40:15,147 --> 00:40:16,980 I'm very happy with only one sun, 713 00:40:16,982 --> 00:40:21,117 so I live well in this solar system, 714 00:40:21,119 --> 00:40:23,887 would be a binary sunset most beautiful, 715 00:40:23,889 --> 00:40:27,557 but only more beautiful if you were still alive, 716 00:40:27,559 --> 00:40:29,793 Narrator: and still binary stars 717 00:40:29,795 --> 00:40:32,896 not alone bring death and destruction, 718 00:40:32,898 --> 00:40:35,265 they can also create systems 719 00:40:35,267 --> 00:40:39,803 with a series worlds of habitable, 720 00:40:39,805 --> 00:40:42,305 There is a lot we don't know about our own environment 721 00:40:42,307 --> 00:40:44,941 and how it compares other places in the universe, 722 00:40:44,943 --> 00:40:47,076 it looks like we're in it a very happy place, 723 00:40:47,078 --> 00:40:49,846 the sun is very stable, is a single star, 724 00:40:49,848 --> 00:40:51,714 we are in a good orbit around it, 725 00:40:51,716 --> 00:40:54,317 but maybe there are places outside they are even better there, 726 00:40:54,319 --> 00:40:56,152 we didn't even know how to ask, 727 00:40:58,356 --> 00:41:00,890 narrator: it is certainly possible 728 00:41:00,892 --> 00:41:04,127 that two stars are better for life than one, 729 00:41:04,129 --> 00:41:07,964 but until we find these alien worlds, 730 00:41:07,966 --> 00:41:11,034 it remains an open question, 731 00:41:13,572 --> 00:41:16,005 it's hard to say if good or bad luck 732 00:41:16,007 --> 00:41:18,041 being on a planet orbiting a single star, 733 00:41:18,043 --> 00:41:20,276 It's probably a little boring here 734 00:41:20,278 --> 00:41:22,645 compared to the it appears as 735 00:41:22,647 --> 00:41:24,848  herein binary stellar systems, 736 00:41:27,519 --> 00:41:30,420 you know, from a romantic one, visual perspective, 737 00:41:30,422 --> 00:41:34,390 I wish we did it live in a binary galaxy, 738 00:41:34,392 --> 00:41:37,660 Can you imagine anyone? living on a circum-binary planet 739 00:41:37,662 --> 00:41:40,930 and find a planet similar to Earth orbiting in a lonely star, 740 00:41:40,932 --> 00:41:42,765 when they think, “oh, how interesting that would be, 741 00:41:42,767 --> 00:41:45,435 you can imagine have a sunset? 742 00:41:45,437 --> 00:41:46,636 What does that look like? " 743 00:41:46,638 --> 00:41:48,738 I can imagine wonder if 744 00:41:48,740 --> 00:41:50,974 the questions we ask ourselves, 745 00:41:50,976 --> 00:41:53,276 so it's just a problem of perspective, you know? 746 00:41:53,278 --> 00:41:56,246 grass is always greener then other side of the binary system, 747 00:41:56,248 --> 00:42:00,550                       ♪♪